AGED RIDGE (Cordón de hielo viejo [es]): Ridge which has undergone considerable weathering. These ridges are best described as undulations. (8.2.2.4)

ANCHOR ICE (Hielo de fondo [es]): Submerged ice attached or anchored to the bottom, irrespective of the nature of its formation. (3.3)

AREA OF WEAKNESS (Área de debilidad [es]): A satellite-observed area in which either the ice concentration or the ice thickness is significantly less than that in the surrounding areas. Because the condition is satellite observed, a precise quantitative analysis is not always possible, but navigation conditions are significantly easier than in surrounding areas. (12.7)

ARRANGEMENT (Distribución [es]) (4.4)

BARE ICE (Hielo desnudo [es]): Ice without snow cover. (8.5)

BELT (Faja de hielo [es]): A large feature of drift ice arrangement; longer than it is wide; from 1 km to more than 100 km in width. (4.4.3)

BERGY BIT (Fragmento de tempanito [es]): Cf. 10.4.4 - A large piece of floating glacier ice, generally showing less than 5 m above sea-level but more than 1 m and normally about 100-300 m² in area. (4.3.11)

BERGY BIT (Fragmento de tempanito [es]): A large piece of floating glacier ice, generally showing less than 5 m above sea-level but more than 1 m and normally about 100-300 m² in area. (10.4.4)

BERGY WATER (Aguas con tempanitos [es]): An area of freely navigable water in which ice of land origin is present in concentrations less than 1/10. There may be sea ice present, although the total concentration of all ice shall not exceed 1/10. (4.2.7)

BESET (Atrapado [es]): Situation of a vessel surrounded by ice and unable to move. (12.1)

BIGHT (Caleta [es]): An extensive crescent-shaped indentation in the ice edge, formed by either wind or current. (4.4.6)

BRASH ICE (Escombro de hielo [es]): Accumulations of floating ice made up of fragments not more than 2 m across, the wreckage of other forms of ice. (4.3.6)

BUMMOCK (Fondo de hielo [es]): From the point of view of the submariner, a downward projection from the underside of the ice canopy; the counterpart of a hummock. (13.4)

CALVED ICE OF LAND ORIGIN (Hielo desprendido de origin terrestre [es]) (10.4)

CALVING (Desprendimiento [es]): The breaking away of a mass of ice from an ice wall, ice front or iceberg. (10.4.1)

CLOCE ICE (Hielo cerrado [es]): Floating ice in which the concentration is 7/10 to 8/10, composed of floes mostly in contact. (4.2.3)

COMPACT ICE (Hielo compacto [es]): Floating ice in which the concentration is 10/10 and no water is visible. (4.2.1)

COMPACTED ICE EDGE (Borde compacto de hielo [es]): Close, clear-cut ice edge compacted by wind or current; usually on the windward side of an area of drift ice. (4.4.8.1)

COMPACTING (Compactación [es]): Pieces of floating ice are said to be compacting when they are subjected to a converging motion, which increases ice concentration and/or produces stresses which may result in ice deformation. (5.2)

CONCENTRATION (Concentración [es]): The ratio expressed in tenths* describing the amount of the sea surface covered by ice as a fraction of the whole area being considered. Total concentration includes all stages of development that are present, partial concentration may refer to the amount of a particular stage or of a particular form of ice and represents only a part of the total.
*Note: In historical sea-ice data octas have been used by some countries. (4.2)

CONCENTRATION BOUNDARY (Frontera de concentraciones [es]): A line approximating the transition between two areas of drift ice with distinctly different concentrations. (4.4.9.2)

CONSOLIDATED ICE (Hielo consolidado [es]): Floating ice in which the concentration is 10/10 and the floes are frozen together. (4.2.1.1)

CONSOLIDATED RIDGE (Cordón consolidado [es]): A ridge in which the base has frozen together. (8.2.2.5)

CRACK (Rajadura [es]): Any fracture of fast ice, consolidated ice or a single floe which may have been followed by separation ranging from a few centimeters to 1 m. (7.1.1)

DARK NILAS (Nilas obscuras [es]): Nilas which is under 5 cm in thickness and is very dark in colour. (2.2.1)

DEFORMATION PROCESSES (Procesos de deformación [es]) (6.)

DEFORMED ICE (Hielo deformado [es]): A general term for ice which has been squeezed together and in places forced upwards (and downwards). Subdivisions are rafted ice, ridged ice and hummocked ice. (8.2)

DEVELOPMENT (Desarrollo [es]) (2.)

DIFFICULT AREA (Area difícil [es]): A general qualitative expression to indicate, in a relative manner, that the severity of ice conditions prevailing in an area is such that navigation in it is difficult. (12.5)

DIFFUSE ICE EDGE (Borde difuso de hielo [es]): Poorly defined ice edge limiting an area of dispersed ice; usually on the leeward side of an area of drift ice. (4.4.8.2)

DIVERGING (Divergencia [es]): Ice fields or floes in an area are subjected to diverging or dispersive motion, thus reducing ice concentration and/or relieving stresses in the ice. (5.1)

DRIED ICE (Hielo seco [es]): Sea ice from the surface of which melt-water has disappeared after the formation of cracks and thaw holes. During the period of drying, the surface whitens. (9.3)

DRIFT ICE / PACK ICE (Hielo a la deriva / pack ice [es]): Term used in a wide sense to include any area of sea ice other than fast ice no matter what form it takes or how it is disposed. When concentrations are high, i.e. 7/10 or more, drift ice may be replaced by the term pack ice*.
*Note: Previosly the term pack ice was used for all ranges of concentration. (1.1.2)

EASY AREA (Area accesiblel [es]): A general qualitative expression to indicate in a relative manner, that ice conditions prevailing in an area are such that navigation in it is not difficult. (12.6)

FAST ICE (Hielo fijo [es]): Cf. 3.1 - Sea ice which forms and remains fast along the coast, where it is attached to the shore, to an ice wall, to an ice front, between shoals or groundedicebergs. Vertical fluctuations may be observed during changes of sea-level.Fast ice may be formed in situ from sea water or by freezing of floating ice of any age to the shore, and it may extend a few metres or several hundred kilometres from the coast. Fast ice may be more than one year old and may then be prefixed with the appropriate age category (old, second-year, or multi-year). If it is thicker than about 2 m above sea-level it is called an ice shelf. (1.1.1)

FAST ICE (Hielo fijo [es]): Sea ice which forms and remains fast along the coast, where it is attached to the shore, to an ice wall, to an ice front, between shoals or grounded icebergs. Vertical fluctuations may be observed during changes of sea-level. Fast ice may be formed in situ from sea water or by freezing of floating ice of any age to the shore, and it may extend a few metres or several hundred kilometres from the coast. Fast ice may be more than one year old and may then be prefixed with the appropriate age category (old, second-year, or multi-year). If it is thicker than about 2 m above sea-level it is called an ice shelf. (3.1)

FAST ICE BOUNDARY (Frontera de hielo fijo [es]): The ice boundary at any given time between fast ice and drift ice. (4.4.9.1)

FAST-ICE EDGE (Borde de hielo fijo [es]): The demarcation at any given time between fast ice and open water. (4.4.8.5)

FINGER RAFTED ICE (Hielo sobreescurrido con forma de dedos [es]): Type of rafted ice in which floes thrust 'fingers' alternately over and under the other. (8.2.1.1)

FINGER RAFTING (Sobreescurrimiento de dedos [es]): Amended by ETSI-I (2001) to read: Type of rafting whereby interlocking thrusts are formed like "fingers" alternately over and under the other. This is commonly found in nilas and in grey ice. (It was noted that finger rafting in grey ice is common in Antarctica). (6.4.1)

FIRM (Neviza [es]): Old snow which has recrystallized into a dense material. Unlike ordinary snow, the particles are to some extent joined together; but, unlike ice, the air spaces in it still connect with each other. (10.1)

FIRST-YEAR ICE (Hielo de primer año [es]): Sea ice of not more than one winter's growth, developing from young ice; thickness 30 cm - 2 m. May be subdivided into thin first-year ice/white ice, medium first-year ice and thick first-year ice. (2.5)

FLAW (Grieta [es]): A narrow separation zone between drift ice and fast ice, where the pieces of ice are in chaotic state; it forms when drift ice shears under the effect of a strong wind or current along the fast ice boundary (cf. shearing). (7.1.1.2)

FLAW LEAD (Canal grietado [es]): A passage-way between drift ice and fast ice which is navigable by surface vessels. (7.3.2)

FLAW POLYNYA (Polinia grietada [es]): A polynya between drift ice and fast ice. (7.4.2)

FLOATING ICE (Hielo flotante [es]): Any form of ice found floating in water. The principal kinds of floating ice are lake ice, river ice, and sea ice which form by the freezing of water at the surface, and glacier ice (ice of land origin) formed on land or in an ice shelf. The concept includes ice that is stranded or grounded. (1.)

FLOATING-ICE MOTION PROCESSES (Movimiento del hielo flotante [es]) (5.)

FLOE (Bandejón [es]): Any relatively flat piece of sea ice 20 m or more across. Floes are subdivided according to horizontal extent as follows: (4.3.2)

FLOE BIG (Bandejón grande [es]): 500-2000 m across. (4.3.2.3)

FLOE GIANT (Bandejón gigante [es]): Over 10 km across. (4.3.2.1)

FLOE MEDIUM (Bandejón medio [es]): 100-500 m across. (4.3.2.4)

FLOE SMALL (Bandejón chico [es]): 20-100 m across. (4.3.2.5)

FLOE VAST (Bandejón vasto [es]): 2-10 km across. (4.3.2.2)

FLOEBERG (Tempanito marino [es]): A massive piece of sea ice composed of a hummock, or a group of hummocks frozen together, and separated from any ice surroundings. It may typically protrude up to 5 m above sea-level. (4.3.4)

FLOEBIT (Fragmento de bandejón [es]): A relatively small piece of sea ice, normally not more than 10 m across composed of (a) hummock(s) or part of (a) ridge(s) frozen together and separated from any surroundings. It typically protrudes up to 2 m above sea-level. (4.3.4.1)

FLOODED ICE (Hielo inundado [es]): Sea ice which has been flooded by melt-water or river water and is heavily loaded by water and wet snow. (9.5)

FORMS OF FAST ICE (Formas de hielo fijo [es]) (3.)

FORMS OF FLOATING ICE (Formas de hielo flotante [es]) (4.3)

FRACTURE (Fractura [es]): Any break or rupture through very close ice, compact ice, consolidated ice, fast ice, or a single floe resulting from deformation processes. Fractures may contain brash ice and/or be covered with nilas and/or young ice. Length may vary from a few meters to many kilometers. (7.1)

FRACTURE ZONE (Zona de fracturas [es]): An area which has a great number of fractures. (7.2)

FRACTURING (Fracturamiento [es]): Pressure process whereby ice is permanently deformed, and rupture occurs. Most commonly used to describe breaking across very close ice, compact ice and consolidated ice. (6.1)

FRAZIL ICE (Cristales de hielo [es]): Fine spicules or plates of ice, suspended in water. (2.1.1)

FRIENDLY ICE (Hielo amigable [es]): From the point of view of the submariner, an ice canopy containing many large skylights or other features which permit a submarine to surface. There must be more than ten such features per 30 nautical miles (56 km) along the submarine's track. (13.2)

FROST SMOKE (Humo de mar [es]): Fog-like clouds due to contact of cold air with relatively warm water, which can appear over openings in the ice, or leeward of the ice edge, and which may persist while ice is forming. (11.3)

GLACIER (Glaciar [es]): A mass of snow and ice continuously moving from higher to lower ground or, if afloat, continuously spreading. The principal forms of glacier are: inland ice sheets, ice shelves, ice streams, ice caps, ice piedmonts, cirque glaciers and various types of mountain (valley) glaciers. (10.2.1)

GLACIER BERG (Témpano de glaciar [es]): Cf. 10.4.2.1 - An irregularly shaped iceberg. (4.3.8)

GLACIER BERG (Témpano de glaciar [es]): An irregularly shaped iceberg. (10.4.2.1)

GLACIER ICE (Hielo de glaciar [es]): Ice in, or originating from, a glacier, whether on land or floating on the sea as icebergs, bergy bits or growlers. (10.2)

GLACIER TONGUE (Lengua de glaciar [es]): Projecting seaward extension of a glacier, usually afloat. In the Antarctic, glacier tongues may extend over many tens of kilometers. (10.2.4)

GREASE ICE (Hielo grasoso [es]): A later stage of freezing than frazil ice when the crystals have coagulated to form a soupy layer on the surface. Grease ice reflects little light, giving the sea a matt appearance. (2.1.2)

GREY ICE (Hielo gris [es]): Young ice 10-15 cm thick. Less elastic than nilas and breaks on swell. Usually rafts under pressure. (2.4.1)

GREY-WHITE ICE (Hielo gris blanco [es]): Young ice 15-30 cm thick. Under pressure more likely to ridge than to raft. (2.4.2)

GROUNDED HUMMOCK (Hummock échoué [es]): Hummocked grounded ice formation. There are single grounded hummocks and lines (or chains) of grounded hummocks. (3.4.2)

GROUNDED ICE (Hielo varado [es]): Floating ice which is aground in shoal water. (3.4)

GROWLER (Gruñon [es]): Cf. 10.4.5 - Amended by ETSI-I (2001) to read: Piece of ice smaller than a bergy bit and floating less than 1 m above the sea surface, a growler generally appears white but sometimes transparent or blue-green in colour. Extending less than 1 m above the sea surface and normally occupying an area of about 20 m², growlers are difficult to distinguish when surrounded by sea ice or in high sea state. (4.3.12)

GROWLER (Gruñon [es]): Amended by ETSI-I (2001) to read: Piece of ice smaller than a bergy bit and floating less than 1 m above the sea surface, a growler generally appears white but sometimes transparent or blue-green in colour. Extending less than 1 m above the sea surface and normally occupying an area of about 20 m², growlers are difficult to distinguish when surrounded by sea ice or in high sea state. (10.4.5)

HOSTILE ICE (Hielo hostil [es]): From the point of view of the submariner, an ice canopy containing no large skylights or other features which permit a submarine to surface. (13.3)

HUMMOCK (Montículo [es]): A hillock of broken ice which has been forced upwards by pressure. May be fresh or weathered. The submerged volume of broken ice under the hummock, forced downwards by pressure, is termed a bummock. (8.2.3)

HUMMOCKED ICE (Hielo amonticulado [es]): Sea ice piled haphazardly one piece over another to form an uneven surface. When weathered, has the appearance of smooth hillocks. (8.2.3.1)

HUMMOCKING (Amonticulamiento [es]): The pressure process by which sea ice is forced into hummocks. When the floes rotate in the process it is termed screwing. (6.2)

ICE BLINK (Resplandor del hielo [es]): A whitish glare on low clouds above an accumulation of distant ice. (11.2)

ICE BOUNDARY (Frontera de hielo [es]): The demarcation at any given time between fast ice and drift ice or between areas of drift ice of different concentrations (cf. ice edge). (4.4.9)

ICE BRECCIA (Brecha de hielo [es]): Ice of different stages of development frozen together. (4.3.5)

ICE CAKE (Torta de hielo [es]): Any relatively flat piece of sea ice less than 20 m across. (4.3.3)

ICE CANOPY (Techo de hielo [es]): Drift ice from the point of view of the submariner. (13.1)

ICE COVER (Cobertura de hielo [es]): The ratio of an area of ice of any concentration to the total area of sea surface within some large geographic local; this local may be global, hemispheric, or prescribed by a specific oceanographic entity such as Baffin Bay or the Barents Sea. (4.1)

ICE EDGE (Borde de hielo [es]): The demarcation at any given time between the open sea and sea ice of any kind, whether fast or drifting. It may be termed compacted or diffuse (cf. ice boundary). (4.4.8)

ICE FIELD (Campo de hielo [es]): Area of floating ice consisting of any size of floes, which is greater than 10 km across (cf. patch). (4.4.1)

ICE FRONT (Frente de hielo [es]): The vertical cliff forming the seaward face of an ice shelf or other floating glacier varying in height from 2-50 m or more above sea-level (cf. ice wall). (10.3.1)

ICE ISLAND (Isla de hielo [es]): Cf. 10.4.3 - A large piece of floating ice protruding about 5 m above sea-level, which has broken away from an Arctic ice shelf, having a thickness of 30-50 m and an area of from a few thousand sq.m to 500 km² or more, and usually characterized by a regularly undulating surface which gives it a ribbed appearance from the air. (4.3.10)

ICE ISLAND (Isla de hielo [es]): A large piece of floating ice protruding about 5 m above sea-level, which has broken away from an Arctic ice shelf, having a thickness of 30-50 m and an area of from a few thousand sq.m to 500 km² or more, and usually characterized by a regularly undulating surface which gives it a ribbed appearance from the air. (10.4.3)

ICE ISTHMUS (Istmo de hielo [es]): A narrow connection between two ice areas of very close or compact ice. It may be difficult to pass, whilst sometimes being part of a recommended route. (4.4.5.1)

ICE JAM (Hielo apiñado [es]): Amended by ETSI-I (2001) to read: An accumulation of broken river ice or sea ice not moving due to some physical restriction and resisting to pressure. (4.4.7)

ICE KEEL (Quilla de hielo [es]): From the point of view of the submariner, a downward-projecting ridge on the underside of the ice canopy; the counterpart of a ridge. Ice keels may extend as much as 50 m below sea-level. (13.5)

ICE LIMIT (Límite de hielo[es]): Climatological term referring to the extreme minimum or extreme maximum extent of the ice edge in any given month or period based on observations over a number of years. Term should be preceded by minimum or maximum (cf. mean ice edge). (4.4.8.3)

ICE MASSIF (Macizo de hielo [es]): A variable accumulation of close or very close ice covering hundreds of square kilometers which is found in the same region every summer. (4.4.2)

ICE OF LAND ORIGIN (Hielo de origin terrestre [es]): Ice formed on land or in an ice shelf, found floating in water. The concept includes ice that is stranded or grounded. (1.2)

ICE OF LAND ORIGIN (Hielo de origin terrestre [es]) (10.)

ICE PATCH (Manchón de hielo [es]): An area of floating ice less than 10 km across. (4.4.1.4)

ICE PORT (Puerto de hielo [es]): An embayment in an ice front, often of a temporary nature, where ships can moor alongside and unload directly onto the ice shelf. (12.8)

ICE RIND (Costra de hielo [es]): A brittle shiny crust of ice formed on a quiet surface by direct freezing or from grease ice, usually in water of low salinity. Thickness to about 5 cm. Easily broken by wind or swell, commonly breaking in rectangular pieces. (2.2.3)

ICE SHELF (Barrera de hielo [es]): A floating ice sheet of considerable thickness showing 2-50 m or more above sea-level, attached to the coast. Usually of great horizontal extent and with a level or gently undulating surface. Nourished by annual snow accumulation and often also by the seaward extension of land glaciers. Limited areas may be aground. The seaward edge is termed an ice front. (10.3)

ICE STREAM (Corriente de hielo [es]): Part of an inland ice sheet in which the ice flows more rapidly and not necessarily in the same direction as the surrounding ice. The margins are sometimes clearly marked by a change in direction of the surface slope but may be indistinct. (10.2.3)

ICE UNDER PRESSURE (Hielo bajo presión [es]): Ice in which deformation processes are actively occurring and hence a potential impediment or danger to shipping. (12.4)

ICE WALL (Pared de hjielo [es]): An ice cliff forming the seaward margin of a glacier which is not afloat. An ice wall is aground, the rock basement being at or below sea-level (cf. ice front). (10.2.2)

ICE-BOUND (Cercado por hielo [es]): A harbour, inlet, etc. is said to be ice-bound when navigation by ships is prevented on account of ice, except possibly with the assistance of an icebreaker. (12.2)

ICE-FREE (Libre de hielo [es]): No ice present. If ice of any kind is present this term should not be used. (4.2.8)

ICE-SURFACE FEATURES (Características de la superficie del hielo [es]) (8.)

ICEBERG (Témpano [es]): Cf. 10.4.2 - A massive piece of ice of greatly varying shape, protruding more than 5 m above sea-level, which has broken away from a glacier, and which may be afloat or aground. Icebergs may be described as tabular, dome-shaped, sloping, pinnacled, weathered or glacier bergs. (4.3.7)

ICEBERG (Témpano [es]): A massive piece of ice of greatly varying shape, protruding more than 5 m above sea-level, which has broken away from a glacier, and which may be afloat or aground. Icebergs may be described as tabular, dome-shaped, sloping, pinnacled, weathered or glacier bergs. (10.4.2)

ICEBERG TONGUE (Lengua de témpanos [es]): Cf. 10.4.2.3 - A major accumulation of icebergs projecting from the coast, held in place by grounding and joined together by fast ice. (4.4.10)

ICEBERG TONGUE (Lengua de témpanos [es]): A major accumulation of icebergs projecting from the coast, held in place by grounding and joined together by fast ice. (10.4.2.3)

ICEFOOT (Pie de hielo [es]): A narrow fringe of ice attached to the coast, unmoved by tides and remaining after the fast ice has moved away. (3.2)

JAMMED BRASH BARRIER (Barrera de hielo apiñado de escombro [es]): A strip or narrow belt of new, young or brash ice (usually 100-5000 m wide) formed at the edge of either drift or fast ice or at the shore. It is heavily compacted mostly due to wind action and may extend 2 to 20 m below the surface but does not normally have appreciable topography. Jammed brash barrier may disperse with changing winds but can also consolidate to form a strip of unusually thick ice in comparison with the surrounding drift ice. (4.4.8.1.1)

LAKE ICE (Hielo lacustre [es]): Ice formed on a lake, regardless of observed location. (1.3)

LARGE FRACTURE (Fractura grande [es]): More than 500 m wide. (7.1.5)

LARGE ICE FIELD (Campo de hielo grande [es]): An ice field over 20 km across. (4.4.1.1)

LEAD (Canal [es]): Any fracture or passage-way through sea ice which is navigable by surface vessels. (7.3)

LEVEL ICE (Hielo plano [es]): Sea ice which has not been affected by deformation. (8.1)

LIGHT NILAS (Nilas claras [es]): Nilas which is more than 5 cm in thickness and rather lighter in colour than dark nilas. (2.2.2)

MEAN ICE EDGE (Borde medio de hielo [es]): Average position of the ice edge in any given month or period based on observations over a number of years. Other terms which may be used are mean maximum ice edge and mean minimum ice edge (cf. ice limit). (4.4.8.4)

MEDIUM FIRST-YEAR ICE (Hielo medio del primer año [es]): First-year ice 70-120 cm thick. (2.5.2)

MEDIUM FRACTURE (Fractura media [es]): 200 to 500 m wide. (7.1.4)

MEDIUM ICE FIELD (Campo de hielo medio [es]): An ice field 15-20 km across. (4.4.1.2)

MULTI-YEAR ICE (Hielo de varios años [es]): Old ice up to 3 m or more thick which has survived at least two summers' melt. Hummocks even smoother than in second-year ice, and the ice is almost salt-free. Colour, where bare, is usually blue. Melt pattern consists of large interconnecting irregular puddles and a well-developed drainage system. (2.6.2)

NEW ICE (Hielo nuevo [es]): A general term for recently formed ice which includes frazil ice, grease ice, slush and shuga. These types of ice are composed of ice crystals which are only weakly frozen together (if at all) and have a definite form only while they are afloat. (2.1)

NEW RIDGE (Cordón nuevo [es]): Ridge newly formed with sharp peaks and slope of sides usually 40°. Fragments are visible from the air at low altitude. (8.2.2.1)

NILAS (Nilas [es]): A thin elastic crust of ice, easily bending on waves and swell and under pressure, thrusting in a pattern of interlocking 'fingers' (finger rafting). Has a matt surface and is up to 10 cm in thickness. May be subdivided into dark nilas and light nilas. (2.2)

NIP (Cercado por el hielo [es]): Ice is said to nip when it forcibly presses against a ship. A vessel so caught, though undamaged, is said to have been nipped. (12.3)

OCCURRENCE OF FLOATING ICE (Ocurrencia de hielo flotante [es]) (4.)

OLD ICE (Hielo viejo [es]): Sea ice which has survived at least one summer's melt; typical thickness up to 3m or more. Most topographic features are smoother than on first-year ice. May be subdivided into second-year ice and multi-year ice. (2.6)

OPEN ICE (Hielo abierto [es]): Floating ice in which the ice concentration is 4/10 to 6/10, with many leads and polynyas, and the floes are generally not in contact with one another. (4.2.4)

OPEN WATER (Aguas libres [es]): A large area of freely navigable water in which sea ice is present in concentrations less than 1/10. No ice of land origin is present. (4.2.6)

OPENINGS IN THE ICE (Aberturas en el hielo [es]) (7.)

PANCAKE ICE (Hielo panqueque [es]): Predominantly circular pieces of ice from 30 cm - 3 m in diameter, and up to about 10 cm in thickness, with raised rims due to the pieces striking against one another. It may be formed on a slight swell from grease ice, shuga or slush or as a result of the breaking of ice rind, nilas or, under severe conditions of swell or waves, of grey ice. It also sometimes forms at some depth at an interface between water bodies of different physical characteristics, from where it floats to the surface; its appearance may rapidly cover wide areas of water. (2.3)

PANCAKE ICE (Hielo panqueque [es]): Predominantly circular pieces of ice from 30 cm - 3 m in diameter, and up to about 10 cm in thickness, with raised rims due to the pieces striking against one another. It may be formed on a slight swell from grease ice, shuga or slush or as a result of the breaking of ice rind, nilas or, under severe conditions of swell or waves, of grey ice. It also sometimes forms at some depth at an interface between water bodies of different physical characteristics, from where it floats to the surface; its appearance may rapidly cover wide areas of water. (4.3.1)

POLYNYA (Polinia [es]): Any non-linear shaped opening enclosed in ice. Polynyas may contain brash ice and/or be covered with new ice, nilas or young ice. (7.4)

PUDDLE (Charco [es]): An accumulation on ice of melt-water, mainly due to melting snow, but in the more advanced stages also to the melting of ice. Initial stage consists of patches of melted snow. (9.1)

RAFTED ICE (Hielo sobreescurrido [es]): Type of deformed ice formed by one piece of ice overriding another (cf. finger rafting). (8.2.1)

RAFTING (Sobreescurrimiento [es]): Pressure processes whereby one piece of ice overrides another. Most common in new and young ice (cf. finger rafting). (6.4)

RAM (Espolón [es]): An underwater ice projection from an ice wall, ice front, iceberg or floe. Its formation is usually due to a more intensive melting and erosion of the unsubmerged part. (8.4)

RECURRING POLYNYA (Polinia recurrente [es]): A polynya, which recurs in the same position every year. (7.4.3)

RIDGE (Cordón [es]): A line or wall of broken ice forced up by pressure. May be fresh or weathered. The submerged volume of broken ice under a ridge, forced downwards by pressure, is termed an ice keel. (8.2.2)

RIDGE ICE (Hielo acordonado [es]): Ice piled haphazardly one piece over another in the form of ridges or walls. Usually found in first-year ice (cf. ridging). (8.2.2.6)

RIDGE ICE ZONE (Zona de hielo acordonado [es]): An area in which much ridged ice with similar characteristics has formed. (8.2.2.6.1)

RIDGING (Acordonamiento [es]): The pressure process by which sea ice is forced into ridges. (6.3)

RIVER ICE (Hielo fluvial [es]): Ice formed on a river, regardless of observed location. (1.4)

ROTTEN ICE (Hielo podrido [es]): Sea ice which has become honeycombed and which is in an advanced state of disintegration. (9.4)

RUBBLE FIELD (Campo de escombros [es]): An area of extremely deformed sea ice of unusual thickness formed during the winter by the motion of drift ice against, or around a protruding rock, islet or other obstruction. (8.2.3.2)

SASTRUGI (Sastrugi [es]): Sharp, irregular ridges formed on a snow surface by wind erosion and deposition. On drift ice the ridges are parallel to the direction of the prevailing wind at the time they were formed. (8.6.1)

SEA ICE (Hielo marino [es]): Any form of ice found at sea which has originated from the freezing of sea water. (1.1)

SECOND-YEAR ICE (Hielo del segundo año [es]): Old ice which has survived only one summer's melt; typical thickness up to 2.5 m and sometimes more. Because it is thicker than first-year ice, it stands higher out of the water. In contrast to multi-year ice, summer melting produces a regular pattern of numerous small puddles. Bare patches and puddles (r) usually greenish-blue. (2.6.1)

SHEAR RIDGE (Cordón de cortante [es]): An ice ridge formation which develops when one ice feature is grinding past another. This type of ridge is more linear than those caused by pressure alone. (8.2.2.7)

SHEAR RIDGE FIELD (Campo de cordón de cortante [es]): Many shear ridges side by side. (8.2.2.7.1)

SHEARING (Cortante [es]): An area of drift ice is subject to shear when the ice motion varies significantly in the direction normal to the motion, subjecting the ice to rotational forces. These forces may result in phenomena similar to a flaw (q.v.). (5.3)

SHORE ICE RIDE-UP (Hielo montado sobre la costa [es]): A process by which ice is pushed ashore as a slab. (6.5)

SHORE LEAD (Canal costero [es]): A lead between drift ice and the shore or between drift ice and an ice front. (7.3.1)

SHORE MELT (Fusión costera [es]): Open water between the shore and the fast ice, formed by melting and/or as a result of river discharge. (9.6)

SHORE POLYNYA (Polinia costera [es]): A polynya between drift ice and the coast or between drift ice and an ice front. (7.4.1)

SHUGA (Shuga [es]): An accumulation of spongy white ice lumps, a few centimetres across; they are formed from grease ice or slush and sometimes from anchor ice rising to the surface. (2.1.4)

SKY AND AIR INDICATIONS (Indicaciones relativas al cielo y al aire [es]) (11.)

SKYLIGHT (Lumbreras [es]): From the point of view of the submariner, thin places in the ice canopy, usually less than 1 m thick and appearing from below as relatively light, translucent patches in dark surroundings. The undersurface of a skylight is normally flat. Skylights are called large if big enough for a submarine to attempt to surface through them (120 m), or small if not. (13.6)

SLUSH (Pasta o grumo [es]): Snow which is saturated and mixed with water on land or ice surfaces, or as a viscous floating mass in water after a heavy snowfall. (2.1.3)

SMALL FRACTURE (Fractura chica [es]): 50 to 200 m wide. (7.1.3)

SMALL ICE CAKE (Torta chica de hielo [es]): An ice cake less than 2 m across. (4.3.3.1)

SMALL ICE FIELD (Campo de hielo chico [es]): An ice field 10-15 km across. (4.4.1.3)

SNOW-COVERED ICE (Hielo nevado [es]): Ice covered with snow. (8.6)

SNOWDRIFT (Nieve a la deriva [es]): An accumulation of wind-blown snow deposited in the lee of obstructions or heaped by wind eddies. A crescent-shaped snowdrift, with ends pointing down-wind, is known as a snow barchan. (8.6.2)

STAGES OF MELTING (Etapas de fusión [es]) (9.)

STANDING FLOE (Bandejón levantado [es]): A separate floe standing vertically or inclined and enclosed by rather smooth ice. (8.3)

STRANDED ICE (Hielo encallado [es]): Ice which has been floating and has been deposited on the shore by retreating high water. (3.4.1)

STRIP (Cinta de hielo [es]): Long narrow area of floating ice, about 1 km or less in width, usually composed of small fragments detached from the main mass of ice, and run together under the influence of wind, swell or current. (4.4.5)

TABULAR BERG (Témpano tabular [es]): Cf. 10.4.2.2 - A flat-topped iceberg. Most tabular bergs form by calving from an ice shelf and show horizontal banding (cf. ice island). (4.3.9)

TABULAR BERG (Témpano tabular [es]): A flat-topped iceberg. Most tabular bergs form by calving from an ice shelf and show horizontal banding (cf. ice island). (10.4.2.2)

TERMS RELATING TO SUBMARINE NAVIGATION (Términos relativos a la navegación submarina [es]) (13.)

TERMS RELATING TO SURFACE SHIPPING (Términos relativos a la navegación de superficie [es]) (12.)

THAW HOLES (Alvéolos de fusión [es]): Vertical holes in sea ice formed when surface puddles melt through to the underlying water. (9.2)

THICK FIRST-YEAR ICE (Hielo grueso de primer año [es]): First-year ice over 120 cm thick. (2.5.3)

THIN FIRST-YEAR ICE / WHITE ICE (Hielo delgado de primer año / hielo blanco [es]): First-year ice 30-70 cm thick. (2.5.1)

THIN FIRST-YEAR ICE / WHITE ICE FIRST STAGE (Hielo delgado de primer año / hielo blanco primera etapa [es]): 30-50 cm thick. (2.5.1.1)

THIN FIRST-YEAR ICE / WHITE ICE SECOND STAGE (Hielo delgado de primer año / hielo blanco segunda etapa [es]): 50-70 cm thick. (2.5.1.2)

TIDE CRACK (Rajadura de marea [es]): Crack at the line of junction between an immovable ice foot or ice wall and fast ice, the latter subject to rise and fall of the tide. (7.1.1.1)

TONGUE (Lengua (de glace) [es]): A projection of the ice edge up to several kilometers in length, caused by wind or current. (4.4.4)

VERY CLOSE ICE (Hielo muy cerrado [es]): Floating ice in which the concentration is 9/10 to less than 10/10. (4.2.2)

VERY OPEN ICE (Hielo muy abierto [es]): Floating ice in which the concentration is 1/10 to 3/10 and water preponderates over ice. (4.2.5)

VERY SMALL FRACTURE (Fractura muy chica [es]): 1 to 50 m wide. (7.1.2)

VERY WEATHERED RIDGE (Cordón de hielo muy afectado por temperie [es]): Ridge with tops very rounded, slope of sides usually 20-30°. (8.2.2.3)

WATER SKY (Cielo de agua [es]): Dark streaks on the underside of low clouds, indicating the presence of water features in the vicinity of sea ice. (11.1)

WEATHERED RIDGE (Cordón de hielo afectado por temperie [es]): Ridge with peaks slightly rounded and slope of sides usually 30░ to 40░. Individual fragments are not discernible. (8.2.2.2)

WEATHERING (Efecto de temperie [es]): Processes of ablation and accumulation which gradually eliminate irregularities in an ice surface. (6.6)

YOUNG COASTAL ICE (Hielo costero joven [es]): The initial stage of fast ice formation consisting of nilas or young ice, its width varying from a few metres up to 100-200 m from the shoreline. (3.1.1)

YOUNG ICE (Hielo joven Jeune glace [es]): Ice in the transition stage between nilas and first-year ice, 10-30 cm in thickness. May be subdivided into grey ice and grey-white ice. (2.4)